THE EVOLUTION OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEOPLE WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES: FROM ISOLATION TO THE SPECIAL OLYMPICS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32782/spectrum/2024-4-3Keywords:
inclusion, stigmatization, social integration, people with disabilitiesAbstract
The article highlights the evolution of attitudes toward individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID), transitioning from isolation and stigmatization to the development of a modern inclusive model. The rationale for the study is based on the necessity of analyzing sociocultural and historical processes that influenced societal perceptions and determining the role of the Special Olympics in the social integration of individuals with ID. Particular attention is given to the relevance of inclusive programs that contribute to improving the quality of life for people with ID. The aim of the study is to examine the historical transformation of attitudes toward individuals with ID, identify key changes in approaches to their socialization, and analyze the contribution of the Special Olympics to building an inclusive environment. Methods of the study include literature review, historical and sociocultural analysis, and comparative methods. The sources utilized provided a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of perspectives on individuals with ID. Results of the study. Attitudes toward individuals with ID have varied across different historical periods, influenced by religious, social, and economic factors. In ancient societies, these individuals were often stigmatized and isolated, reinforcing negative stereotypes. During the Enlightenment, early scientific approaches to education and support for individuals with ID emerged. The 19th century was marked by the institutionalization of care, which simultaneously promoted segregation.The 20th century saw a shift toward inclusive approaches, notably through the development of the Special Olympics. Conclusions. From a theoretical point of view, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex processes that shape social perceptions of disability.From a practical point of view, the results of the study can be used to develop more effective programmes and policies aimed at the inclusion of people with PWD. The article formulates specific recommendations for the further development of an inclusive society, including the need to overcome stereotypes, ensure equal access to education, employment and social services, and strengthen the role of NGOs in protecting the rights of people with intellectual disabilities.
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